Malcolm was speaking of African liberation since the 1950s. Moreover, as a member of the Nation of Islam, Malcolm spoke about separation back to Africa as being the solution to the race problem, so it’s inaccurate to say Malcolm had no Pan-African thought prior to 1963.

Part of the problem with what Yvette does is she acts as if the leaders today are representatives of Pan-Africanism. There are still many grassroots Pan-African organizations that are fighting the current leaders. I work with some of those organizations and activists, so to say that Pan-Africanism is dead as Yvette does only demonstrates how little she knows about the Pan-African struggle now. In recent years the Pan-African movement has helped to topple some of the dictators in Africa. Locally here in America I was personally involved in the movement to restore voting rights for non-violent drug offenders in Florida, which is a measure that passed last year. So we Pan-Africanists have accomplished much in the last two years. I’m not really sure what “tangible” things the ADOS movement has done so far. I certainly don’t think that the ADOS movement has accomplished enough to declare that Pan-Africanism is dead or irrelevant.